知识点7--Docker的容器命令
创始人
2024-03-19 21:04:06
0次
本篇为大家介绍Docker的容器命令，也顺带着让大家明白Docker和vmware都属于虚拟化技术下的软件，但是他们的不同之处不止在于运行的系统不同，他们的运行逻辑也不同，VMware是虚拟化完整的系统，而docker是隔离一个进程，这个进程拥有着能够使目标服务运行起来的最小资源量，所有本篇容器命令，我们使用Docker直接在CentOS宿主机上虚拟化一个CentOS来整体讲解容器命令。
1、下载CentOS镜像
[root@hdp3 ~] docker pull centos
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/centos
a1d0c7532777: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:a27fd8080b517143cbbbab9dfb7c8571c40d67d534bbdee55bd6c473f432b177
Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:latest
docker.io/library/centos:latest[root@hdp3 ~] docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
centos latest 5d0da3dc9764 14 months ago 231MB
通过结果就会发现，docker的镜像如容器比VMware的虚拟机实例小多了。
2、新建容器并启动运行，run命令有很多参数，具体打大家自己–help去看，不过，常用的就那么几个
此时我们启动一个CentOS的交互式docker容器，说白了就是你可以从外部连接到这个容器
[root@hdp3 ~] docker run -it --name mycentos centos
[root@64fb7232d515 /]
[root@64fb7232d515 /] ls
bin etc lib lost+found mnt proc run srv tmp var
dev home lib64 media opt root sbin sys usr
大家注意看输出，我运行doc命令的时候是在宿主机上，但是当运行docker虚拟化centos之后，默认会自动进入虚拟化出的centos的伪终端，此时你可以正常使用这个虚拟的centos，但是我前面说了，由于它只持有最小资源量所有某些系统内容是没有的。
这里说明一下，本篇博文我们不讲 -P 和 -p 怎么用，后面需要映射端口的时候再说，只讲前四个，同时不要觉得名字鸡肋，虽然我下面的操作都会用容器的ID操作，但是如果你有一个可以很好区分容器的别名，你下面的很多操作其实都可以用别名的
3、查询正在运行的容器列表，我们需要再开启一个宿主机的终端，运行如下命令
[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
64fb7232d515 centos "/bin/bash" 6 minutes ago Up 6 minutes mycentos
注意IMAGE的值由跟着你实例化容器时指定的镜像参数不同而不同，比如我指定的是centos这个镜像名字，如果我指定的是镜像的IMAGE ID那该值就等于IMAGE ID
如果你想查看上一个操作的容器可以使用-l
[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -l
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
64fb7232d515 centos "/bin/bash" 15 minutes ago Exited (0) 2 minutes ago mycentos
如果你想查看上n个操作的容器可以使用-n num
[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -n 2
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
64fb7232d515 centos "/bin/bash" 17 minutes ago Exited (0) 4 minutes ago mycentos
8854df79ef4b feb5d9fea6a5 "/hello" 3 hours ago Exited (0) 3 hours ago confident_allen
如果你想查看操作过的所有容器可以使用-a
[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
64fb7232d515 centos "/bin/bash" 16 minutes ago Exited (0) 2 minutes ago mycentos
8854df79ef4b feb5d9fea6a5 "/hello" 3 hours ago Exited (0) 3 hours ago confident_allen
4f16af718bfd feb5d9fea6a5 "/hello" 3 hours ago Exited (0) 3 hours ago angry_cohen
在查看容器的基础上，你可以只看容器编号-q
[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -q
64fb7232d515
你也可以查看容器的所有信息
[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps --no-trunc
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
709a23ef0ee6fd2eec282e4f4b03b3fbafade62304b45803455ac837695857de centos "/bin/bash" About a minute ago Up About a minute mycentos01
4、退出当前所在的容器，有两种方式
方式一：容器停止并退出
[root@64fb7232d515 /] exit
exit
[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
方式二：容器不停止，只退出，在容器的会话界面使用快捷键Ctrl+P+Q
[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
709a23ef0ee6 centos "/bin/bash" 5 minutes ago Up 5 minutes mycentos01
5、启动一个以关闭的容器
[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -n 2
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
709a23ef0ee6 centos "/bin/bash" 8 minutes ago Up 8 minutes mycentos01
64fb7232d515 centos "/bin/bash" 30 minutes ago Exited (0) 16 minutes ago mycentos[root@hdp3 ~] docker start 64fb7232d515
64fb7232d515[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
709a23ef0ee6 centos "/bin/bash" 8 minutes ago Up 8 minutes mycentos01
64fb7232d515 centos "/bin/bash" 30 minutes ago Up 5 seconds mycentos
6、重启一个容器
[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
709a23ef0ee6 centos "/bin/bash" 8 minutes ago Up 8 minutes mycentos01
64fb7232d515 centos "/bin/bash" 30 minutes ago Up 5 seconds mycentos[root@hdp3 ~] docker restart 709a23ef0ee6
709a23ef0ee6[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
709a23ef0ee6 centos "/bin/bash" 12 minutes ago Up 7 seconds mycentos01
64fb7232d515 centos "/bin/bash" 34 minutes ago Up 3 minutes mycentos
7、停止容器，有两种方式。
方式一：正常停止
[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
709a23ef0ee6 centos "/bin/bash" 12 minutes ago Up 7 seconds mycentos01
64fb7232d515 centos "/bin/bash" 34 minutes ago Up 3 minutes mycentos[root@hdp3 ~] docker stop 709a23ef0ee6
709a23ef0ee6[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
64fb7232d515 centos "/bin/bash" 36 minutes ago Up 5 minutes mycentos[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -n 2
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
709a23ef0ee6 centos "/bin/bash" 14 minutes ago Exited (0) 13 seconds ago mycentos01
64fb7232d515 centos "/bin/bash" 36 minutes ago Up 6 minutes mycentos
方式二：强制停止
[root@hdp3 ~] docker kill 64fb7232d515
64fb7232d515[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -n 2
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
709a23ef0ee6 centos "/bin/bash" 16 minutes ago Exited (0) 2 minutes ago mycentos01
64fb7232d515 centos "/bin/bash" 38 minutes ago Exited (137) 3 seconds ago mycentos[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
8、删除一个已停止的容器
[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -n 2
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
709a23ef0ee6 centos "/bin/bash" 19 minutes ago Exited (0) 5 minutes ago mycentos01
64fb7232d515 centos "/bin/bash" 41 minutes ago Exited (137) 2 minutes ago mycentos[root@hdp3 ~] docker rm 709a23ef0ee6
709a23ef0ee6[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -n 2
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
64fb7232d515 centos "/bin/bash" 41 minutes ago Exited (137) 2 minutes ago mycentos
8854df79ef4b feb5d9fea6a5 "/hello" 3 hours ago Exited (0) 3 hours ago confident_allen
从输出可以看出，容器以及被删除了，注意只能删除已经停止的容器，除非必要不要用-f强制删，而且要分清楚rm是删除容器，rmi删除镜像
当然和删除镜像一样，如果你要删除多个就用空格分隔，如果你要删除所有就使用如两个命令中的任意一个
docker rm -f $(docker ps -a -q)
或者
docker ps -a -q | xargs docker rm
9、我们上面用了一个交互式，效果就是创建并启动容器后自动打开伪终端。但是我们总不能每次用快捷键退出吧，而且前面没有说怎么进入一个启动的容器。所以现在我们介绍另一种以守护进程的方式创建一个容器。注意守护进程创建的容器默认创建后自动关闭并退出
[root@hdp3 ~] docker run -d centos
7cabf0e3224fe643c1cf7a5c37be51f1d38af5d6b9f443aa92541f463ff7a89f[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -n 1
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
7cabf0e3224f centos "/bin/bash" 2 minutes ago Exited (0) 2 minutes ago agitated_galileo
10、查看一个容器的日志
[root@hdp3 ~] docker logs -f -t -n 10 7cabf0e3224f
[root@hdp3 ~]
可以看到在查询守护进程所创建的容器日志时，他没有任何输出，这是因为我前面也说了，守护士进程创建的容器，在创建好之后会立马退出并关闭，没有做任何的动作，所以他没有产生任何日志，如果你想让他保持启动，那你就需要通过linux的命令给他传递一个前台挂起的任务，比如我让他创建后循环输出
[root@hdp3 ~] docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c "while true;do echo 作者真帅;sleep 2;done"
dfaf90c30410b4e93a4f8ebf5fa6c89024f8d9f493e32451981aa6fcac938423[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
dfaf90c30410 centos "/bin/sh -c 'while t…" 7 seconds ago Up 6 seconds silly_albattani[root@hdp3 ~] docker logs -f -t -n 10 dfaf90c30410
2022-12-05T10:00:12.404963412Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:14.406957687Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:16.409965178Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:18.412695716Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:20.414700829Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:22.416993692Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:24.419391620Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:26.422298319Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:28.423760321Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:30.426126663Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:32.429163038Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:34.431533516Z 作者真帅
这里说一点run命令后面跟着/bin/sh意思是登录点，通俗点就是你用那个shell编译器和容器交互，默认是bash
11、查看一个容器内部运行的进程
[root@hdp3 ~] docker top dfaf90c30410
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 19485 19464 0 18:08 ? 00:00:00 /bin/sh -c while true;do echo 作者真帅;sleep 2;done
root 19521 19485 0 18:09 ? 00:00:00 /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=sleep /usr/bin/sleep 2
12、查看一个容器的结构细节
[root@hdp3 ~]# docker inspect dfaf90c30410
[{"Id": "dfaf90c30410b4e93a4f8ebf5fa6c89024f8d9f493e32451981aa6fcac938423","Created": "2022-12-05T10:00:04.201303703Z","Path": "/bin/sh","Args": ["-c","while true;do echo 作者真帅;sleep 2;done"],"State": {"Status": "exited","Running": false,"Paused": false,"Restarting": false,"OOMKilled": false,"Dead": false,"Pid": 0,"ExitCode": 137,"Error": "","StartedAt": "2022-12-05T10:00:04.39646781Z","FinishedAt": "2022-12-05T10:01:36.409467857Z"},"Image": "sha256:5d0da3dc976460b72c77d94c8a1ad043720b0416bfc16c52c45d4847e53fadb6","ResolvConfPath": "/opt/docker/containers/dfaf90c30410b4e93a4f8ebf5fa6c89024f8d9f493e32451981aa6fcac938423/resolv.conf","HostnamePath": "/opt/docker/containers/dfaf90c30410b4e93a4f8ebf5fa6c89024f8d9f493e32451981aa6fcac938423/hostname","HostsPath": "/opt/docker/containers/dfaf90c30410b4e93a4f8ebf5fa6c89024f8d9f493e32451981aa6fcac938423/hosts","LogPath": "/opt/docker/containers/dfaf90c30410b4e93a4f8ebf5fa6c89024f8d9f493e32451981aa6fcac938423/dfaf90c30410b4e93a4f8ebf5fa6c89024f8d9f493e32451981aa6fcac938423-json.log","Name": "/silly_albattani","RestartCount": 0,"Driver": "overlay2","Platform": "linux","MountLabel": "","ProcessLabel": "","AppArmorProfile": "","ExecIDs": null,"HostConfig": {"Binds": null,"ContainerIDFile": "","LogConfig": {"Type": "json-file","Config": {}},"NetworkMode": "default","PortBindings": {},"RestartPolicy": {"Name": "no","MaximumRetryCount": 0},"AutoRemove": false,"VolumeDriver": "","VolumesFrom": null,"CapAdd": null,"CapDrop": null,"CgroupnsMode": "host","Dns": [],"DnsOptions": [],"DnsSearch": [],"ExtraHosts": null,"GroupAdd": null,"IpcMode": "private","Cgroup": "","Links": null,"OomScoreAdj": 0,"PidMode": "","Privileged": false,"PublishAllPorts": false,"ReadonlyRootfs": false,"SecurityOpt": null,"UTSMode": "","UsernsMode": "","ShmSize": 67108864,"Runtime": "runc","ConsoleSize": [0,0],"Isolation": "","CpuShares": 0,"Memory": 0,"NanoCpus": 0,"CgroupParent": "","BlkioWeight": 0,"BlkioWeightDevice": [],"BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,"BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,"BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,"BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,"CpuPeriod": 0,"CpuQuota": 0,"CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,"CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,"CpusetCpus": "","CpusetMems": "","Devices": [],"DeviceCgroupRules": null,"DeviceRequests": null,"KernelMemory": 0,"KernelMemoryTCP": 0,"MemoryReservation": 0,"MemorySwap": 0,"MemorySwappiness": null,"OomKillDisable": false,"PidsLimit": null,"Ulimits": null,"CpuCount": 0,"CpuPercent": 0,"IOMaximumIOps": 0,"IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,"MaskedPaths": ["/proc/asound","/proc/acpi","/proc/kcore","/proc/keys","/proc/latency_stats","/proc/timer_list","/proc/timer_stats","/proc/sched_debug","/proc/scsi","/sys/firmware"],"ReadonlyPaths": ["/proc/bus","/proc/fs","/proc/irq","/proc/sys","/proc/sysrq-trigger"]},"GraphDriver": {"Data": {"LowerDir": "/opt/docker/overlay2/0828a0392e6c69c6bf2a66865c0fc7369bcdcb43de22511a2aa67d5492aa4813-init/diff:/opt/docker/overlay2/3a95ae1d07564705753844180cffb19a23e1f0519b4bd76fcda276a480d99be1/diff","MergedDir": "/opt/docker/overlay2/0828a0392e6c69c6bf2a66865c0fc7369bcdcb43de22511a2aa67d5492aa4813/merged","UpperDir": "/opt/docker/overlay2/0828a0392e6c69c6bf2a66865c0fc7369bcdcb43de22511a2aa67d5492aa4813/diff","WorkDir": "/opt/docker/overlay2/0828a0392e6c69c6bf2a66865c0fc7369bcdcb43de22511a2aa67d5492aa4813/work"},"Name": "overlay2"},"Mounts": [],"Config": {"Hostname": "dfaf90c30410","Domainname": "","User": "","AttachStdin": false,"AttachStdout": false,"AttachStderr": false,"Tty": false,"OpenStdin": false,"StdinOnce": false,"Env": ["PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"],"Cmd": ["/bin/sh","-c","while true;do echo 作者真帅;sleep 2;done"],"Image": "centos","Volumes": null,"WorkingDir": "","Entrypoint": null,"OnBuild": null,"Labels": {"org.label-schema.build-date": "20210915","org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2","org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image","org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0","org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"}},"NetworkSettings": {"Bridge": "","SandboxID": "53b915430bb84fa3aa0d8e4466b800d78fe58f2c679de0dc1dc7939aa21eaa08","HairpinMode": false,"LinkLocalIPv6Address": "","LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,"Ports": {},"SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/53b915430bb8","SecondaryIPAddresses": null,"SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,"EndpointID": "","Gateway": "","GlobalIPv6Address": "","GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,"IPAddress": "","IPPrefixLen": 0,"IPv6Gateway": "","MacAddress": "","Networks": {"bridge": {"IPAMConfig": null,"Links": null,"Aliases": null,"NetworkID": "18ca23716e982ea105fdae027b63d8e3770ea0281d948496370b38ea28422c8b","EndpointID": "","Gateway": "","IPAddress": "","IPPrefixLen": 0,"IPv6Gateway": "","GlobalIPv6Address": "","GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,"MacAddress": "","DriverOpts": null}}}}
]
13、操作一个启动的容器，有两种方式
方式一：attach，这种方式会再次进入这个容器
[root@hdp3 ~] docker run -it centos[root@b76a1b5188ce /] pwd
/[root@hdp3 ~][root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
b76a1b5188ce centos "/bin/bash" 2 minutes ago Up 2 minutes vigilant_bouman[root@hdp3 ~] docker attach b76a1b5188ce[root@b76a1b5188ce /]
方式二：exec，这种方式并不会直接进入容器，而是用来，把命令直接交给容器，并拿到结果
[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
b76a1b5188ce centos "/bin/bash" 7 minutes ago Up 7 minutes vigilant_bouman[root@hdp3 ~] docker exec -it b76a1b5188ce ls -l /tmp
total 12
-rwx------ 1 root root 701 Sep 15 2021 ks-script-4luisyla
-rwx------ 1 root root 671 Sep 15 2021 ks-script-o23i7rc2
-rwx------ 1 root root 291 Sep 15 2021 ks-script-x6ei4wuu
当然方法二也可以进入容器
[root@hdp3 ~] docker exec -t b76a1b5188ce /bin/bash
[root@b76a1b5188ce /]
14、如何从容器中拿出某个文件，你可以运行cp命令
[root@hdp3 ~] docker attach b76a1b5188ce[root@b76a1b5188ce /] ls
bin etc lib lost+found mnt proc run srv tmp var
dev home lib64 media opt root sbin sys usr[root@b76a1b5188ce /] vi myfile
[root@b76a1b5188ce /] cat myfile
容器内部数据[root@hdp3 ~] docker cp b76a1b5188ce:/myfile /opt
[root@hdp3 ~] cd /opt/
[root@hdp3 opt] ll |grep myfile
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 19 12月 5 19:02 myfile
[root@hdp3 opt] cat myfile
容器内部数据
说明一下，Doctor虚拟化的本质虽然是一个隔离进程，但是它的生成容器是持久化的，只是运行的模式不同而已，从容器里往出拷贝数据，大多是用在当你某个容器不再使用，但是里面有重要数据，比如说数据库的文件相关的东西要考出来之后，容器才能正常删除的情况
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